जैवविविधता जीवसृष्टीची !!!

       जैवविविधता.. जीवसृष्टीची!
मराठीमध्ये ‘जैविक विविधता’, ‘जैवविविधता’ किंवा ‘जीविधता’ असे शब्द प्रचलित आहेत.
जीवावरणात सुमारे ३.७ अब्ज वर्षांपूर्वी जीवसृष्टीचा उगम झाला आणि उत्क्रांतीची प्रक्रिया सुरू झाली. आजपर्यंतच्या या उत्क्रांतीच्या प्रवासात पृथ्वीच्या वातावरणात खूप मोठे बदल होत गेले आणि त्या अनुषंगाने जीवसृष्टीमध्येदेखील प्रचंड उलथापालथ होत गेली. प्राणी व वनस्पतींच्या हजारो प्रजातींचा सामूहिक विनाश झाला आणि त्या प्रजाती कायमच्या नष्ट झाल्या; परंतु तितक्याच वेगाने हजारो नवीन प्रजाती अस्तित्वात आल्या. अशा घटना या अब्जावधी वर्षांच्या काळात पाच वेळा झाल्या असल्याचे शास्त्रज्ञ सांगतात. त्यामुळे आज अस्तित्वात असलेली जीवसृष्टीतील विविधता अब्जावधी वर्षांच्या उत्क्रांती प्रक्रियेचे फलित आहे असे मानले जाते. मानव गेली अनेक शतके पृथ्वीचा जन्म आणि जीवसृष्टीचा उगम याचा अभ्यास करत आला आहे. जीन बाप्टिस्ट लामार्क, चार्ल्स डार्विन, ग्रेगॉर मेण्डेल, ज्युलियन हक्सले यांसारख्या संशोधकांनी शंभर-दोनशे वर्षांपूर्वी सजीवांची उत्क्रांती व त्यांच्या लक्षणांमध्ये, गुणधर्मामध्ये असलेले कमालीचे वैविध्य आणि मूलभूत साधम्र्य यावर सखोल अभ्यास करून खूप महत्त्वाचे निष्कर्ष लोकांसमोर मांडले. प्रत्यक्षात ‘बायोडायव्हर्सिटी’ या शब्दाचा व्यवहारात, पर्यावरणाच्या अभ्यासात वापर सुरू झाला तो १९८० नंतर. तोपर्यंत ‘नॅचरल डायव्हर्सिटी’ हा शब्द जास्त प्रचलित होता. १९८६ मध्ये विल्यम रोसेन या अमेरिकी जीवशास्त्रज्ञाने ‘बायोडायव्हर्सिटी’ हा शब्द वापरात आणला आणि आता तोच प्रचलित आहे. मराठीमध्ये ‘जैविक विविधता’, ‘जैवविविधता’ किंवा ‘जीविधता’ असे शब्द प्रचलित आहेत.
     साध्या अथवा शक्तिशाली सूक्ष्मदर्शका खालीच दिसू शकतील असे अमिबा, जिवाणू आणि इतर विविध प्रकारचे लक्षावधी सूक्ष्म जीव ते साध्या डोळ्यांनी सहज दिसू शकतील असे लक्षावधी प्राणी व वनस्पती आणि माणूस यांचे शरीर पेशींचे बनलेले असते. या सर्वानाच आपल्या दैनंदिन जीवनक्रिया चालू ठेवण्यासाठी ऊर्जेची आवश्यकता असते. अशी काही मूलभूत लक्षणे या सजीवांमध्ये सारखीच आहेत; परंतु इतर अनेक लक्षणे वेगळी आहेत. उदाहरणार्थ, हरित वनस्पती सूर्यप्रकाशातील ऊर्जा वापरून स्वत:चे अन्न स्वत:च ‘बनवतात’. प्राण्यांमध्ये ही क्षमता नसते. असे अनेक वेगळे गुणधर्म आपल्याला आढळून येतात आणि हीच जैवविविधतेची खासियत आहे!
          निसर्गात असंख्य प्रकारांची काम चालू असतात. एक प्रजाती एखादंच काम करते. त्यामुळे विविध प्रकारांची काम करण्यासाठी निसर्गात प्रजातींची प्रचंड विविधता निर्माण झाली आहे त्यालाच जैवविविधता असेही म्हणतात.
         दुसरा असे की या विविध प्रजाती विविध प्रकारचे अन्न खातात , त्यामुळे एका अन्नाचा तुटवडा आणि इतर ठिकाणी कोणी अन्न  न खाता वाया जाण, असा प्रकार होत नाही. सर्वांनी फक्त भाकरीच खाल्ल्या तर एकीकडे भाकरी कमी पडतील आणि दुसरीकडे भात , पोळी हे अन्न वाया जाईल. त्याऐवजी हे वेगवेगळे पदार्थ खाणाऱ्या व्यक्ती असतील तर सर्व अन्न खाल्लं जाऊन उपयोगात येईल आणि कशाचाही तुटवडा पडणार नाही म्हणून जैवविविधता या दृष्टीनेही उपयोगी पडते.
     जैवविविधतेचा आणखी एक उपयोग असा की समजा काही कारणानं एखादी प्रजाती नष्ट झाले, तर तिचं काम करण्यासाठी दुसरी एखादी प्रजाती पुढे येऊ शकते. उदाहरणार्थ, परागीभवन करणारी कीटकांची एक प्रजाती नष्ट झाली , तर दुसरी प्रजाती ते काम चालू ठेवते त्यामुळे निसर्गाची स्थिरता वाढते .

   श्रीमती मेघा अनिल पाटील
    उपशिक्षिका
श्रीमती पी ए सोढा सार्वजनिक मराठी हायस्कूल व कनिष्ठ महाविद्यालय नवापूर जिल्हा नंदूरबार

Notes for 11science. Biology

Class 11 Biology .

chapter 2 Systematics of Living Organisms

Q 1. MCQ

A. Which of the following shows single 

stranded RNA and lacks protein coat?

a. Bacteriophage 

b. Plant virus 

c. Viroid 

d. Animal virus

 

B. Causative agent of red tide is 

a. Dinoflagellate 

b. Euglenoid 

c. Chrysophyte 

d. Lichen

 

C. Select odd one out for Heterotrophic 

bacteria.

 a. Nitrogen fixing bacteria 

 b. Lactobacilli 

 c. Methanogens 

d. Antibiotic production

 

D. Paramoecium : Ciliated Protist 

Plasmodium : ____________

a. Amoeboid protozoan
b. Ciliophora 

c. Flagellate protozoan 

d. Sporozoan

 

E. Which of the following does not belong to kingdom Protista.

a.Diatoms

b.Amoeba

c.Paramoecium

d.Agaricus

 

F. Liverworts belongs to the kingdom ………..

a .Plantae

b.Fungi

c.Protista

d.Monera

 

G. Silver fish belongs to ……

a.Pisces

b.Insects

c.Mollusca

d.Echinodermata

H. Closely allied classes of organisms are placed under--------

a.Division

b.Cohort

c.Family

d.Series

I. Biochemical charactes of organism from the basis of classification called

(A)Systematics 

(B) Ecology

(C) Numerical taxonomy

(D) Chemotaxonomy.

 

J.Most primitive organisms are: 

(A) Protists 

(B) Bacteria

(C) Algae

 (D) Fungi.

(B) Bacteria

 

K . A virion is a:

 

(A) viral ribosome 

(B) viral lysosome

(C) viral gene

(D) virus.

C) viral gene

 

L . The suffix for subdivision name is :

 

(A)-phytina

 (B) opsida

(C) ideae

(D) ales.

(A)-phytina

 

M. The natural system of classification was proposed by

(A) Bentham and Hooker

(B) Hooker and Linnaeus

(C) Bentham and Huxley

(D) Darwin and Lamarck.

(A) Bentham and Hooker

 

N. The classification of plants into herbs,shrubs  and trees is:

(A) artificial

(C) natural

(B) phylogenetic

(D) none of these

(A) artificial

 

O .Which of the following taxonomic categories tops the hierarchy of categories?

(A) Genus

(B) Kingdom

(C) Class

(D) Phylum.

(B) Kingdom

 

 

P . Two or more species occupying same or overlapping areas are:

(A) Sympatric 

(B) Sibling

(C) Subspecies

 (D) Allopatric.

(A) Sympatric 

 

Q . New systematics based on the protein and serum analysis of organism is called:

 

(A) Biochemical taxonomy

(B) Cytotaxonomy

(C) Experimental taxonomy

 (D) Numerical taxonomy.

(A) Biochemical taxonomy

 

R .The species inhabiting different geographical areas are:

 

(A) Taxonomic species

(B) Sibling species

(C) Allopatric

(D) None of above.

(C) Allopatric

 

S. The scientists who rasied the group protista to include both plant and animal like unicellular organisms (Protozoa and slime moulds):

 

(A)L. Pasteur

(B) E.F. Haeckel

(C) J. Lister 

(D) E. Meyer.

(B) E.F. Haeckel

 

T .Which organisms contain usually non-vacuolated cells:

 

(A) Viruses

(B)Prokaryotes

(C) Algae

(D) Gymnosperms.

 (B)Prokaryotes

 

U . Bacteriophages are:

(A) Algae

(B)Fungi

(C) Viruses

(D)Gymnosperm

 (C) Viruses

 

V. Viruses are made up of:

(A) Proteins and DNA or RNA 

(B) Proteins, DNA and RNA

(C) Proteins, DNA, RNA and Lipids (D) Carbohydrates. Nucleic acids and Lipids.

 (A) Proteins and DNA or RNA 

W . R.H. Whittaker proposed the 

(A) Two-kingdom system of classification

(B) Three-kingdom system of classification

(C) Four-kingdom system of classification 

(D) Five-kingdom system of classification.

(D) Five-kingdom system of classification.

 

X . The prokaryotes are included in kingdom

(A)Monera

(B)Protista

(C)Plantae

(D)Fungi

 (A)Monera

 

Y. A phylogenetic classification is based

(A) external features alone

(B) floral characters alone

(C)origin and relationship of plant or animal groups

(D)None of above

(C)origin and relationship of plant or animal groups

 

Z. A taxon with reference to classification of living organisms can be define as:

(A) A group of any one rank of organism.

(B) A group of similar species .

(C) A group of similar genera .

(D) A group of organisms based on chromosome number .

(A) A group of any one rank of organism.

 

 

Q.2. Answer the following.

 

A. What are the salient features of monera?

Answer : The essential features of Monera include being unicellular, microscopic, and lacking a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria.

 

salient features of kingdom monera

1. Monera kingdom includes prokaryotic organisms.
2. organisms of Monera do not contain membrane bound organelles.
3. organisms of Monera lack nuclear envelope & DNA without histone such DNA known as Nucleoid or Genome.
4. organisms of Monera may be autotrophic or heterotrophic but most of the members are heterotrophic.

 

B. What will be the shape of bacillus and 

coccus type of bacteria?

Answer : Cocci (or coccus for a single cell) are round cells, sometimes slightly flattened when they are adjacent to one another. Bacilli (or bacillus for a single cell) are rod-shaped bacteria. Spirilla (or spirillum for a single cell) are curved bacteria which can range from a gently curved shape to a corkscrew-like spiral.

 

C. Why is binomial nomenclature important?

 

Answer : Binomial nomenclature is the system of naming all living organisms on planet Earth according to their scientific representations. It has two parts genus and epithet.

1. It was important to name animals, plants or any other living organisms in such a way to prevent any confusion which was caused before.
2. Binomial nomenclature is important because In this, each organism given a name containing genus and species which is constant all over the world.
3. It is easy to identify and describe any organism by this name without any confusion.
4. e.g, Mangifera indica is scientific name which is constant in all over world.

 

Q.3. Write short notes

A. Useful and harmful bacteria.

Answer : Harmful activities of bacteria are as follows:

1. Spoilage of food
2. Food poisoning
3. Deterioration of domestic articles
4. Desulphurification of soils
5. Denitrification of soils
6. Diseases
7. Water pollution

 Useful  Bacteria

1. Fermentation processes, such as brewing, baking, and cheese and butter manufacturing.
2. Chemical manufacturing, such as the production of ethanol, acetone, organic acids, enzymes, and perfumes.
3. Pharmaceuticals, such as the manufacture of antibiotics, vaccines, and steroids.

 

B. Five Kingdom system

Answer : R.H. Whittaker proposed the five kingdom classification in 1969. This classification was based upon certain characters like mode of nutrition, thallus organization, cell structure, phylogenetic relationships and reproduction.  This form of kingdom classification includes five kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

 

1. Kingdom Monera :

It contains unicellular organisms with 

prokaryotic cellular organization.

Monera includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms.

These are omnipresent.

They are found in all types of environment which are not generally inhabited by other living beings.

Few are photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs; but majority are heterotrophic in nature.

These organisms do not have well defined nucleus.

 

2. Kingdom Protista :

This group includes all the unicellular 

but eukaryotic organisms.

These organisms show link with all eukaryotic Kingdoms like Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.

 

3. Kingdom Plantae: 

The kingdom is dominated by 

autotrophs.

It also includes some semi-autotrophic members, the insectivorous plants like Venus fly trap, pitcher plant, bladderwort, as well as heterotrophic parasitic members like Cuscuta. Members of this kingdom are multicellular, having eukaryotic cells containing chlorophyll.

Cells have cell wall mostly made up of cellulose.

 

4. Kingdom Fungi :

 These are eukaryotic heterotrophs showing extracellular digestion.

They are found in warm and humid places.

They have simple body which may be unicellular or made up of long thread like structures called hyphae.

 Large fungi such as mushrooms have a compact mass of cells.

Unicellular organisms have a protoplast with many nuclei. e.g. Rhizopus, Saccharomyces (Yeast-unicellular 

fungus).

 

5. Kingdom Animalia : Members of this 

kingdom are heterotrophs; adapted to holozoic nutrition.

Most of them have capacity of locomotion.

They are multicellular eukaryotes where cells lack chlorophyll as well as cell wall.

Growth is determinate (follow definite pattern).

 

C. Useful Fungi

Answer : can be good to eat, like some mushrooms or foods made from yeast used in bakery and breweries ,bread or soy sauce,as it brings about fermentation . Molds from fungi are used to make cheeses like Cashel blue or Roquefort .Scientists use fungi to make antibiotics, which doctors sometimes use to treat bacterial infections.Fungi are also used as decomposers .

 

 

D . Archaebacteria

Answer : Different cellular features.

• Found in theextreme environments; hence termed extremophiles.

Halophiles (Able to withstand high salinities).

Thermophiles (Able to withstand extreme temperatures).

Methanogenic bacteria found in gut of ruminant animals.

They produce methane in biogas plants.

 

E . Eubacteria/ True bacteria.

Answer : Prokaryotic. Cell wall of peptidoglycan.

• The body is covered by mucilagenous sheath.

• Some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs.

Photosynthetic :

Chlorobium (Green sulphur bacteria)

Chemosynthetic : Chromattum(Sulphur bacteria).

• Multicellular filamentous forms living in fresh water.

• Filaments show heterocyst which

helps in nitrogen fixation .

Photosynthetic pigments Chl_a ,Chl_b ,carotenes and xanthophylls.

8. The scientific name of sunflower is given below. Identify the correctly written name. 

 A. Helianthus annus

जागतिक हरित ग्राहक दिन २८ सप्टेंबर

जागतिक हरित ग्राहक दिन २८ सप्टेंबर

२८ सप्टेंबर हा दिवस 'हरित ग्राहक दिन' म्हणून संबोधला जातो. 'हरित ग्राहक' ही संकल्पना पाश्चिमात्य देशांत रूढ झाली असली तरीही भारतामध्ये ती नवीन आहे.

गेल्या काही वर्षांमध्ये ग्राहकवादाची वाढ झपाट्याने झाली आहे. 'गरजेचा विचार न करता केली जाणारी खरेदी' अशी ग्राहकवादाची सोपी व्याख्या करता येईल. 'शॉपिंगला' जाणं हे त्याचं उत्तम उदाहरण! बाजारपठेत येणारी प्रत्येक अद्यावत वस्तू आपल्याकडे असली पाहिजे असा आपला अट्टहास असतो आणि त्या हौसेखातर गरज नसलेल्या वस्तू खरेदी केल्या जातात.

ग्राहकवादाचे परिणाम : वाढत्या ग्राहकवादामुळे आपल्याला बऱ्याच समस्यांना तोंड द्यावं लागत आहे. त्यांचा विचार होणं गरजेचे आहे.

१. वाढता घन कचरा आणि त्यांचे व्यवस्थापन :

  ‘युज अॅण्ड थ्रो' ही पाश्चात्त्य संस्कृती आपण लगेच आत्मसात केली. पण हेच पाश्चात्त्य लोक टाकून दिलेल्या कचऱ्याचंही किती काटेकोरपणे व्यवस्थापन करतात याचा विचारही आपण करीत नाही. 

२. उत्पादन प्रक्रियेतून निर्माण होणारे प्रदूषण :

• उत्पादन प्रक्रियेतून निर्माण होणारे दूषित पाणी, दूषित वायू यामुळे पर्यावरण प्रदूषित होते. म्हणजेच वाढत्या ग्राहकवादामुळे नैसर्गिक साधनांचा अपव्यय तर होतोच, पण त्याचबरोबर पर्यावरणाची हानीदेखील होते.

३. ऊर्जेचा अति वापर : सोय आणि वेळेची बचत करण्यासाठी अनेक गृहोपयोगी उपकरणांचा आपण वापर करतो. प्रत्येक उपकरणासाठी विजेचा वापर केला जातो. विजेच्या वाढत्या मागणीमुळे अधिकाधिक वीजनिर्मिती करावी लागते. त्यासाठी मोठ्या प्रमाणात खनिज कोळसा जाळावा लागतो. त्यामुळे नैसर्गिक साधनसंपत्तीवर ताण तर येतो, त्याशिवाय या वीजनिर्मितीमुळे होणारे हवेचे प्रदूषण वेगळेच!

हरित ग्राहक ही नवीन संकल्पना असल्याने तिचा प्रसार मर्यादित आहे. सर्वसाधारणपणे जो ग्राहक खरेदी करताना किंवा वस्तूचा उपभोग घेताना त्या वस्तूमुळे पर्यावरणावर होणाऱ्या परिणामांचा विचार करतो आणि ते परिणाम कमी करण्यसाठी प्रयत्नशील असतो त्याला हरित ग्राहक म्हणता येईल. तुम्हीही हरित ग्राहक होऊ शकता... समाजाची मानसिकता बदलणे अवघड असते. प्रत्येकाने आपल्यापासून सुरुवात केली तर अवघड वाटणाऱ्या गोष्टी सहज शक्य होतील.

   खरेदी केलेल्या वस्तूवर ‘इको' मार्क पाहायला विसरू नका. • खरेदीला जाताना कापडी पिशवी जरूर न्या. प्लॅस्टिकच्या कॅरीबॅगचा वापर टाळा.

• अनावश्यक खरेदी टाळा. पुन्हा वापरणे आणि पुनर्चक्रीकरण त्यावस्तूपासून नवीन वस्तू बनवने या द्विसूत्रीचा अवलंब करा. प्लॅस्टिकपासून प्लॅस्टिक, कागदापासून कागद बनवता येतो. या वस्तू कचरापेटीत न टाकता भंगारवाल्याला किंवा रद्दीवाल्याला द्या.

• Disposable वस्तूंचा वापर टाळा.

फास्टफूडची वेष्टणे, पॅकिंग्ज रस्त्यांवर टाकू नका. चहा, कॉफी काचेच्या किंवा धातूच्या पेल्यात देण्याचा आग्रह धरा.

हँडमेड पेपरचा वापर करा. त्या प्रक्रियेत कोणतीही अपायकारक रसायने वापरली जात नाहीत.

• कागदाचा वापर काळजीपूर्वक करा. कागदाच्या दोन्ही बाजूंवर लिहा.

• शक्य असेल तेव्हा पुस्तक विकत घ्या. छायांकीत प्रती करण्याचं टाळा. त्याने कागदाची बचत होतेच, शिवाय संग्रहामध्ये पुस्तकांची भर पडते.

विजेचा वापर काटकसरीने करा. गरज नसेल तेव्हा ट्यूब, बंद करा. सीएफल, एलईडी याचा वापर करा. पंखे सौरशेगडी, सूर्यचूल यासारखी उपकरणे वापरा.त्यामूळे गॅसचा वापर कमी होतो.

• शक्य असल्यास स्वयंचलित वाहनांचा वापर टाळा. सार्वजनिक वाहनांना प्राधान्य द्या.

• विघटनशील पदार्थापासून (पालापाचोळा, भाजीपाला, सडलेले फळे, अन्नपदार्थ इ.) कंपोस्ट खत बनवा .

राहीबई पोपरें

11science Biology. Chapter 2. Systematics of living organisms.

Class 11 Biology .

chapter 2 Systematics of Living Organisms

Q 1. MCQ

A. Which of the following shows single 

stranded RNA and lacks protein coat?

a. Bacteriophage 

b. Plant virus 

c. Viroid 

d. Animal virus

 

B. Causative agent of red tide is 

a. Dinoflagellate 

b. Euglenoid 

c. Chrysophyte 

d. Lichen

 

C. Select odd one out for Heterotrophic 

bacteria.

 a. Nitrogen fixing bacteria 

 b. Lactobacilli 

 c. Methanogens 

d. Antibiotic production

 

D. Paramoecium : Ciliated Protist 

Plasmodium : ____________

a. Amoeboid protozoan
b. Ciliophora 

c. Flagellate protozoan 

d. Sporozoan

 

E. Which of the following does not belong to kingdom Protista.

a.Diatoms

b.Amoeba

c.Paramoecium

d.Agaricus

 

F. Liverworts belongs to the kingdom ………..

a .Plantae

b.Fungi

c.Protista

d.Monera

 

G. Silver fish belongs to ……

a.Pisces

b.Insects

c.Mollusca

d.Echinodermata

H. Closely allied classes of organisms are placed under--------

a.Division

b.Cohort

c.Family

d.Series

I. Biochemical charactes of organism from the basis of classification called

(A)Systematics 

(B) Ecology

(C) Numerical taxonomy

(D) Chemotaxonomy.

 

J.Most primitive organisms are: 

(A) Protists 

(B) Bacteria

(C) Algae

 (D) Fungi.

(B) Bacteria

 

K . A virion is a:

 

(A) viral ribosome 

(B) viral lysosome

(C) viral gene

(D) virus.

C) viral gene

 

L . The suffix for subdivision name is :

 

(A)-phytina

 (B) opsida

(C) ideae

(D) ales.

(A)-phytina

 

M. The natural system of classification was proposed by

(A) Bentham and Hooker

(B) Hooker and Linnaeus

(C) Bentham and Huxley

(D) Darwin and Lamarck.

(A) Bentham and Hooker

 

N. The classification of plants into herbs,shrubs  and trees is:

(A) artificial

(C) natural

(B) phylogenetic

(D) none of these

(A) artificial

 

O .Which of the following taxonomic categories tops the hierarchy of categories?

(A) Genus

(B) Kingdom

(C) Class

(D) Phylum.

(B) Kingdom

 

 

P . Two or more species occupying same or overlapping areas are:

(A) Sympatric 

(B) Sibling

(C) Subspecies

 (D) Allopatric.

(A) Sympatric 

 

Q . New systematics based on the protein and serum analysis of organism is called:

 

(A) Biochemical taxonomy

(B) Cytotaxonomy

(C) Experimental taxonomy

 (D) Numerical taxonomy.

(A) Biochemical taxonomy

 

R .The species inhabiting different geographical areas are:

 

(A) Taxonomic species

(B) Sibling species

(C) Allopatric

(D) None of above.

(C) Allopatric

 

S. The scientists who rasied the group protista to include both plant and animal like unicellular organisms (Protozoa and slime moulds):

 

(A)L. Pasteur

(B) E.F. Haeckel

(C) J. Lister 

(D) E. Meyer.

(B) E.F. Haeckel

 

T .Which organisms contain usually non-vacuolated cells:

 

(A) Viruses

(B)Prokaryotes

(C) Algae

(D) Gymnosperms.

 (B)Prokaryotes

 

U . Bacteriophages are:

(A) Algae

(B)Fungi

(C) Viruses

(D)Gymnosperm

 (C) Viruses

 

V. Viruses are made up of:

(A) Proteins and DNA or RNA 

(B) Proteins, DNA and RNA

(C) Proteins, DNA, RNA and Lipids (D) Carbohydrates. Nucleic acids and Lipids.

 (A) Proteins and DNA or RNA 

W . R.H. Whittaker proposed the 

(A) Two-kingdom system of classification

(B) Three-kingdom system of classification

(C) Four-kingdom system of classification 

(D) Five-kingdom system of classification.

(D) Five-kingdom system of classification.

 

X . The prokaryotes are included in kingdom

(A)Monera

(B)Protista

(C)Plantae

(D)Fungi

 (A)Monera

 

Y. A phylogenetic classification is based

(A) external features alone

(B) floral characters alone

(C)origin and relationship of plant or animal groups

(D)None of above

(C)origin and relationship of plant or animal groups

 

Z. A taxon with reference to classification of living organisms can be define as:

(A) A group of any one rank of organism.

(B) A group of similar species .

(C) A group of similar genera .

(D) A group of organisms based on chromosome number .

(A) A group of any one rank of organism.

 

 

Q.2. Answer the following.

 

A. What are the salient features of monera?

Answer : The essential features of Monera include being unicellular, microscopic, and lacking a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria.

 

salient features of kingdom monera

1. Monera kingdom includes prokaryotic organisms.
2. organisms of Monera do not contain membrane bound organelles.
3. organisms of Monera lack nuclear envelope & DNA without histone such DNA known as Nucleoid or Genome.
4. organisms of Monera may be autotrophic or heterotrophic but most of the members are heterotrophic.

 

B. What will be the shape of bacillus and 

coccus type of bacteria?

Answer : Cocci (or coccus for a single cell) are round cells, sometimes slightly flattened when they are adjacent to one another. Bacilli (or bacillus for a single cell) are rod-shaped bacteria. Spirilla (or spirillum for a single cell) are curved bacteria which can range from a gently curved shape to a corkscrew-like spiral.

 

C. Why is binomial nomenclature important?

 

Answer : Binomial nomenclature is the system of naming all living organisms on planet Earth according to their scientific representations. It has two parts genus and epithet.

1. It was important to name animals, plants or any other living organisms in such a way to prevent any confusion which was caused before.
2. Binomial nomenclature is important because In this, each organism given a name containing genus and species which is constant all over the world.
3. It is easy to identify and describe any organism by this name without any confusion.
4. e.g, Mangifera indica is scientific name which is constant in all over world.

 

Q.3. Write short notes

A. Useful and harmful bacteria.

Answer : Harmful activities of bacteria are as follows:

1. Spoilage of food
2. Food poisoning
3. Deterioration of domestic articles
4. Desulphurification of soils
5. Denitrification of soils
6. Diseases
7. Water pollution

 Useful  Bacteria

1. Fermentation processes, such as brewing, baking, and cheese and butter manufacturing.
2. Chemical manufacturing, such as the production of ethanol, acetone, organic acids, enzymes, and perfumes.
3. Pharmaceuticals, such as the manufacture of antibiotics, vaccines, and steroids.

 

B. Five Kingdom system

Answer : R.H. Whittaker proposed the five kingdom classification in 1969. This classification was based upon certain characters like mode of nutrition, thallus organization, cell structure, phylogenetic relationships and reproduction.  This form of kingdom classification includes five kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

 

1. Kingdom Monera :

It contains unicellular organisms with 

prokaryotic cellular organization.

Monera includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms.

These are omnipresent.

They are found in all types of environment which are not generally inhabited by other living beings.

Few are photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs; but majority are heterotrophic in nature.

These organisms do not have well defined nucleus.

 

2. Kingdom Protista :

This group includes all the unicellular 

but eukaryotic organisms.

These organisms show link with all eukaryotic Kingdoms like Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.

 

3. Kingdom Plantae: 

The kingdom is dominated by 

autotrophs.

It also includes some semi-autotrophic members, the insectivorous plants like Venus fly trap, pitcher plant, bladderwort, as well as heterotrophic parasitic members like Cuscuta. Members of this kingdom are multicellular, having eukaryotic cells containing chlorophyll.

Cells have cell wall mostly made up of cellulose.

 

4. Kingdom Fungi :

 These are eukaryotic heterotrophs showing extracellular digestion.

They are found in warm and humid places.

They have simple body which may be unicellular or made up of long thread like structures called hyphae.

 Large fungi such as mushrooms have a compact mass of cells.

Unicellular organisms have a protoplast with many nuclei. e.g. Rhizopus, Saccharomyces (Yeast-unicellular 

fungus).

 

5. Kingdom Animalia : Members of this 

kingdom are heterotrophs; adapted to holozoic nutrition.

Most of them have capacity of locomotion.

They are multicellular eukaryotes where cells lack chlorophyll as well as cell wall.

Growth is determinate (follow definite pattern).

 

C. Useful Fungi

Answer : can be good to eat, like some mushrooms or foods made from yeast used in bakery and breweries ,bread or soy sauce,as it brings about fermentation . Molds from fungi are used to make cheeses like Cashel blue or Roquefort .Scientists use fungi to make antibiotics, which doctors sometimes use to treat bacterial infections.Fungi are also used as decomposers .

 

 

D . Archaebacteria

Answer : Different cellular features.

• Found in theextreme environments; hence termed extremophiles.

Halophiles (Able to withstand high salinities).

Thermophiles (Able to withstand extreme temperatures).

Methanogenic bacteria found in gut of ruminant animals.

They produce methane in biogas plants.

 

E . Eubacteria/ True bacteria.

Answer : Prokaryotic. Cell wall of peptidoglycan.

• The body is covered by mucilagenous sheath.

• Some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs.

Photosynthetic :

Chlorobium (Green sulphur bacteria)

Chemosynthetic : Chromattum(Sulphur bacteria).

• Multicellular filamentous forms living in fresh water.

• Filaments show heterocyst which

helps in nitrogen fixation .

Photosynthetic pigments Chl_a ,Chl_b ,carotenes and xanthophylls.

 

 

 

Q.5. Draw neat labelled diagrams

A. Paramoecium

B. Euglena

C. TMV

 

 

 

8. The scientific name of sunflower is given below. Identify the correctly written name. 

 A. Helianthus annus

 B. Helianthus Annus

Answer

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Mrs.Megha Patil <patilmeghaa@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, May 28, 2021, 11:26 PM
Subject: notes 11
To: Megha Anil Patil <patilmeghaa@gmail.com>

Class 11 Biology .

chapter 2 Systematics of Living Organisms

Q 1. MCQ

A. Which of the following shows single 

stranded RNA and lacks protein coat?

a. Bacteriophage 

b. Plant virus 

c. Viroid 

d. Animal virus

 

B. Causative agent of red tide is 

a. Dinoflagellate 

b. Euglenoid 

c. Chrysophyte 

d. Lichen

 

C. Select odd one out for Heterotrophic 

bacteria.

 a. Nitrogen fixing bacteria 

 b. Lactobacilli 

 c. Methanogens 

d. Antibiotic production

 

D. Paramoecium : Ciliated Protist 

Plasmodium : ____________

a. Amoeboid protozoan
b. Ciliophora 

c. Flagellate protozoan 

d. Sporozoan

 

E. Which of the following does not belong to kingdom Protista.

a.Diatoms

b.Amoeba

c.Paramoecium

d.Agaricus

 

F. Liverworts belongs to the kingdom ………..

a .Plantae

b.Fungi

c.Protista

d.Monera

 

G. Silver fish belongs to ……

a.Pisces

b.Insects

c.Mollusca

d.Echinodermata

H. Closely allied classes of organisms are placed under--------

a.Division

b.Cohort

c.Family

d.Series

I. Biochemical charactes of organism from the basis of classification called

(A)Systematics 

(B) Ecology

(C) Numerical taxonomy

(D) Chemotaxonomy.

 

J.Most primitive organisms are: 

(A) Protists 

(B) Bacteria

(C) Algae

 (D) Fungi.

(B) Bacteria

 

K . A virion is a:

 

(A) viral ribosome 

(B) viral lysosome

(C) viral gene

(D) virus.

C) viral gene

 

L . The suffix for subdivision name is :

 

(A)-phytina

 (B) opsida

(C) ideae

(D) ales.

(A)-phytina

 

M. The natural system of classification was proposed by

(A) Bentham and Hooker

(B) Hooker and Linnaeus

(C) Bentham and Huxley

(D) Darwin and Lamarck.

(A) Bentham and Hooker

 

N. The classification of plants into herbs,shrubs  and trees is:

(A) artificial

(C) natural

(B) phylogenetic

(D) none of these

(A) artificial

 

O .Which of the following taxonomic categories tops the hierarchy of categories?

(A) Genus

(B) Kingdom

(C) Class

(D) Phylum.

(B) Kingdom

 

 

P . Two or more species occupying same or overlapping areas are:

(A) Sympatric 

(B) Sibling

(C) Subspecies

 (D) Allopatric.

(A) Sympatric 

 

Q . New systematics based on the protein and serum analysis of organism is called:

 

(A) Biochemical taxonomy

(B) Cytotaxonomy

(C) Experimental taxonomy

 (D) Numerical taxonomy.

(A) Biochemical taxonomy

 

R .The species inhabiting different geographical areas are:

 

(A) Taxonomic species

(B) Sibling species

(C) Allopatric

(D) None of above.

(C) Allopatric

 

S. The scientists who rasied the group protista to include both plant and animal like unicellular organisms (Protozoa and slime moulds):

 

(A)L. Pasteur

(B) E.F. Haeckel

(C) J. Lister 

(D) E. Meyer.

(B) E.F. Haeckel

 

T .Which organisms contain usually non-vacuolated cells:

 

(A) Viruses

(B)Prokaryotes

(C) Algae

(D) Gymnosperms.

 (B)Prokaryotes

 

U . Bacteriophages are:

(A) Algae

(B)Fungi

(C) Viruses

(D)Gymnosperm

 (C) Viruses

 

V. Viruses are made up of:

(A) Proteins and DNA or RNA 

(B) Proteins, DNA and RNA

(C) Proteins, DNA, RNA and Lipids (D) Carbohydrates. Nucleic acids and Lipids.

 (A) Proteins and DNA or RNA 

W . R.H. Whittaker proposed the 

(A) Two-kingdom system of classification

(B) Three-kingdom system of classification

(C) Four-kingdom system of classification 

(D) Five-kingdom system of classification.

(D) Five-kingdom system of classification.

 

X . The prokaryotes are included in kingdom

(A)Monera

(B)Protista

(C)Plantae

(D)Fungi

 (A)Monera

 

Y. A phylogenetic classification is based

(A) external features alone

(B) floral characters alone

(C)origin and relationship of plant or animal groups

(D)None of above

(C)origin and relationship of plant or animal groups

 

Z. A taxon with reference to classification of living organisms can be define as:

(A) A group of any one rank of organism.

(B) A group of similar species .

(C) A group of similar genera .

(D) A group of organisms based on chromosome number .

(A) A group of any one rank of organism.

 

 

Q.2. Answer the following.

 

A. What are the salient features of monera?

Answer : The essential features of Monera include being unicellular, microscopic, and lacking a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria.

 

salient features of kingdom monera

1. Monera kingdom includes prokaryotic organisms.
2. organisms of Monera do not contain membrane bound organelles.
3. organisms of Monera lack nuclear envelope & DNA without histone such DNA known as Nucleoid or Genome.
4. organisms of Monera may be autotrophic or heterotrophic but most of the members are heterotrophic.

 

B. What will be the shape of bacillus and 

coccus type of bacteria?

Answer : Cocci (or coccus for a single cell) are round cells, sometimes slightly flattened when they are adjacent to one another. Bacilli (or bacillus for a single cell) are rod-shaped bacteria. Spirilla (or spirillum for a single cell) are curved bacteria which can range from a gently curved shape to a corkscrew-like spiral.

 

C. Why is binomial nomenclature important?

 

Answer : Binomial nomenclature is the system of naming all living organisms on planet Earth according to their scientific representations. It has two parts genus and epithet.

1. It was important to name animals, plants or any other living organisms in such a way to prevent any confusion which was caused before.
2. Binomial nomenclature is important because In this, each organism given a name containing genus and species which is constant all over the world.
3. It is easy to identify and describe any organism by this name without any confusion.
4. e.g, Mangifera indica is scientific name which is constant in all over world.

 

Q.3. Write short notes

A. Useful and harmful bacteria.

Answer : Harmful activities of bacteria are as follows:

1. Spoilage of food
2. Food poisoning
3. Deterioration of domestic articles
4. Desulphurification of soils
5. Denitrification of soils
6. Diseases
7. Water pollution

 Useful  Bacteria

1. Fermentation processes, such as brewing, baking, and cheese and butter manufacturing.
2. Chemical manufacturing, such as the production of ethanol, acetone, organic acids, enzymes, and perfumes.
3. Pharmaceuticals, such as the manufacture of antibiotics, vaccines, and steroids.

 

B. Five Kingdom system

Answer : R.H. Whittaker proposed the five kingdom classification in 1969. This classification was based upon certain characters like mode of nutrition, thallus organization, cell structure, phylogenetic relationships and reproduction.  This form of kingdom classification includes five kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

 

1. Kingdom Monera :

It contains unicellular organisms with 

prokaryotic cellular organization.

Monera includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms.

These are omnipresent.

They are found in all types of environment which are not generally inhabited by other living beings.

Few are photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs; but majority are heterotrophic in nature.

These organisms do not have well defined nucleus.

 

2. Kingdom Protista :

This group includes all the unicellular 

but eukaryotic organisms.

These organisms show link with all eukaryotic Kingdoms like Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.

 

3. Kingdom Plantae: 

The kingdom is dominated by 

autotrophs.

It also includes some semi-autotrophic members, the insectivorous plants like Venus fly trap, pitcher plant, bladderwort, as well as heterotrophic parasitic members like Cuscuta. Members of this kingdom are multicellular, having eukaryotic cells containing chlorophyll.

Cells have cell wall mostly made up of cellulose.

 

4. Kingdom Fungi :

 These are eukaryotic heterotrophs showing extracellular digestion.

They are found in warm and humid places.

They have simple body which may be unicellular or made up of long thread like structures called hyphae.

 Large fungi such as mushrooms have a compact mass of cells.

Unicellular organisms have a protoplast with many nuclei. e.g. Rhizopus, Saccharomyces (Yeast-unicellular 

fungus).

 

5. Kingdom Animalia : Members of this 

kingdom are heterotrophs; adapted to holozoic nutrition.

Most of them have capacity of locomotion.

They are multicellular eukaryotes where cells lack chlorophyll as well as cell wall.

Growth is determinate (follow definite pattern).

 

C. Useful Fungi

Answer : can be good to eat, like some mushrooms or foods made from yeast used in bakery and breweries ,bread or soy sauce,as it brings about fermentation . Molds from fungi are used to make cheeses like Cashel blue or Roquefort .Scientists use fungi to make antibiotics, which doctors sometimes use to treat bacterial infections.Fungi are also used as decomposers .

 

 

D . Archaebacteria

Answer : Different cellular features.

• Found in theextreme environments; hence termed extremophiles.

Halophiles (Able to withstand high salinities).

Thermophiles (Able to withstand extreme temperatures).

Methanogenic bacteria found in gut of ruminant animals.

They produce methane in biogas plants.

 

E . Eubacteria/ True bacteria.

Answer : Prokaryotic. Cell wall of peptidoglycan.

• The body is covered by mucilagenous sheath.

• Some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs.

Photosynthetic :

Chlorobium (Green sulphur bacteria)

Chemosynthetic : Chromattum(Sulphur bacteria).

• Multicellular filamentous forms living in fresh water.

• Filaments show heterocyst which

helps in nitrogen fixation .

Photosynthetic pigments Chl_a ,Chl_b ,carotenes and xanthophylls.

 

 

 

Q.5. Draw neat labelled diagrams

A. Paramoecium

B. Euglena

C. TMV

 

 

 

8. The scientific name of sunflower is given below. Identify the correctly written name. 

 A. Helianthus annus

 B. Helianthus Annus

Answer

Notes for 11th Science Biology

11th Science. Subject- Biology

Chapter 1.Living World.

1.1 Basic principles of life.

A. The living being once produced / born has c to survive. For survival, it needs energy and many chemical molecules. For energy, it has to perform metabolism.

 Metabolism is breaking of molecules  called catabolism .

For example respiration.

While making of new molecules is called  anabolism .

For the example photosynthesis.

B. From birth onwards, organisms show tendency of growth and development. This growth is a well-orchestrated process. 

C. Growth and development are not the processes which have unlimited time span. At certain point of time, the molecules, organs, systems begin to loose their effective working and become old. This is ageing process of the body.

D. Life has to continue hence the organism tries to produce a young one like itself. It is possible due to reproduction (asexual or sexual). This ensures continuity of race. Mules, sterile worker bees do not reproduce; yet are living. Reproduction as is important characteristic of living organisms.

E. As the body looses it's capacity to perform metabolism, the organism dies. Death is also important characteristic of living organisms.

F. Any living being responds to thermal, chemical or or biological changes in the surrounding. Responsiveness / irritability is unique property of living beings.

सापाविषयी जाणून घेवू या.

साप खाल्ला तर माणूस मरतो का ? 

काय घाबरलात ना? पण घाबरू नका! काही वर्षानी का होईना, भारतातही हॉटेलात शिरल्यावर मेनूकार्डात चिकन, मटणाच्या बरोबर सापाचे मांस, कबाब इत्यादी पदार्थ नक्कीच लिहिलेले आढळतील. आजही चिनी उपहारगृहात सापाचे पदार्थ तुम्हाला खायला मिळतील. हळूहळू अन्नधान्याचा तुटवडा निर्माण होणारच आहे. त्यामुळे मनुष्य साप, उंदीर, बेडूक अशा अनेक प्राण्यांना फस्त करत सुटेल. अर्थात सध्याही जगाच्या काही भागात हे प्राणी खाल्ले जातात. तुम्हाला प्रश्न पडला असेल की, साप हा भयंकर विषारी असतो; मग तो खाल्ल्यास मृत्यू येणार नाही का ?

साप खाल्ल्यावर माणूस मरत नाही, त्याचे महत्त्वाचे कारण म्हणजे सापाचे विष फक्त त्याच्या दातांजवळील ग्रंथीतच असते. ते सर्व शरीरभर पसरलेले नसते. त्यामुळे साप खाल्ला तरी कोणी मरणार नाही. दुसरी व अत्यंत महत्त्वाची गोष्ट म्हणजे, सापाचे विष जर खाल्ले तरी काहीही दुष्परिणाम होणार नाही. सापाचे विष म्हणजे एक प्रकारचे प्रथिनच असते. जठरातील आम्ल व इतर विकरांमुळे या प्रथिनांचे पचन होऊन जाईल. कोणतेही दुष्परिणाम होणार नाहीत.

साप चावल्यानंतर एकतर हे विष रक्तातून शरीरभर पसरते किंवा स्नायूतून चेतातंतूमध्ये व तेथून मेंदूपर्यंत पोहोचते. यामुळे सर्पविषबाधेची लक्षणे ही प्रामुख्याने रक्ताभिसरण संस्था किंवा मज्जासंस्था यांच्याशी निगडित असतात. या दोन्ही कारणांमुळे आपल्या लक्षात येईल की, साप खाल्ला तरी माणूस मरत नाही.